Basic Information
Vegetation Community: Riparian Forest & Scrub
Community Code: RIPFOR
Vegetation Community Map
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Species Information

MSP Species Background

Goals and Objectives

Goal: Maintain, enhance and restore riparian forest and scrub on Conserved Lands in the MSPA that supports or has the potential to support VF species (i.e., California newt, yellow-breasted chat) and to incidentally benefit a diverse array of other species (e.g., arroyo toad, southwestern pond turtle, least Bell's vireo, southwestern willow flycatcher, Townsend's big-eared bat) so that the vegetation community has high ecological integrity, and these species are resilient to invasive pests and disease pathogens, environmental stochasticity, threats and catastrophic disturbances, such as very large wildfires and intense and prolonged drought, and will be likely to persist over the long term (>100 years).

Regional NFO 2017, 2018
MON-DEV-MAP RIPFOR-1

Management units: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

In 2017-2018, map tree mortality in riparian forests across the MSPA using high resolution aerial imagery, LIDAR and other remote sensing data and incorporate existing datasets, where available, to determine the current status of riparian forest and scrub in the MSPA that are affected by drought, wildfire and invasive pests and fungal pathogens.

Action Statement Action status Projects
DEV-1 Submit project metadata, datasets, analyses, and Riparian Forest Tree Mortality Map to the MSP web portal In progress 2017-2019 Developing a Map of Ecological Integrity Using Remote Sensing
Criteria Deadline year
Riparian Forest and Scrub Mortality Map completed by 2018 2021
Code Obj. code Statement
RIPFOR-2 MON-PRP-MONPL Beginning in 2019, prepare a riparian forest and scrub vegetation monitoring plan for Conserved Lands in the MSPA to assess tree mortality and recruitment, track community composition, structure and ecological integrity, and to document threats and assess environmental conditions. Prepare the riparian forest and scrub monitoring to integrate where feasible or bulid upon the results of other monitoring projects such as oak woodland vegetation monitoring and shothole borer/Fusarium complex monitoring. The monitoring plan should include a conceptual model, specific monitoring questions, the sampling frame within the MSPA, monitoring methods, a statistically valid sampling design, permanent sampling locations, timeline, and standardized protocols. Use the Riparian Forest and Scrub Tree Mortality map to help develop a sampling frame and stratified sampling design with permanent sampling plots spanning north to south and east to west environmental gradients across the MSPA. Evaluate ecological integrity at monitoring sites by integrating other types of monitoring into the long-term sampling plots, such as abiotic element monitoring (e.g., automated weather stations and soil sensors, GIS-data layers), ecological integrity monitoring (e.g., plant and animal communities, ecological processes), MSP VF species monitoring, and threats monitoring (e.g., fire, climate change, disease, invasive animals and invasive plants).
Regional NFO 2019, 2020
MON-PRP-MONPL RIPFOR-2

Management units: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Beginning in 2019, prepare a riparian forest and scrub vegetation monitoring plan for Conserved Lands in the MSPA to assess tree mortality and recruitment, track community composition, structure and ecological integrity, and to document threats and assess environmental conditions. Prepare the riparian forest and scrub monitoring to integrate where feasible or bulid upon the results of other monitoring projects such as oak woodland vegetation monitoring and shothole borer/Fusarium complex monitoring. The monitoring plan should include a conceptual model, specific monitoring questions, the sampling frame within the MSPA, monitoring methods, a statistically valid sampling design, permanent sampling locations, timeline, and standardized protocols. Use the Riparian Forest and Scrub Tree Mortality map to help develop a sampling frame and stratified sampling design with permanent sampling plots spanning north to south and east to west environmental gradients across the MSPA. Evaluate ecological integrity at monitoring sites by integrating other types of monitoring into the long-term sampling plots, such as abiotic element monitoring (e.g., automated weather stations and soil sensors, GIS-data layers), ecological integrity monitoring (e.g., plant and animal communities, ecological processes), MSP VF species monitoring, and threats monitoring (e.g., fire, climate change, disease, invasive animals and invasive plants).

Action Statement Action status Projects
PRP-1 Establish a vegetation monitoring working group of scientists, wildlife agencies, land managers, and other stakeholders to participate in developing the vegetation monitoring plan. The group should also include interested parties from outside the MSPA, such as representatives from other multiple species plans in Orange and Riverside Counties and from San Diego County military bases, to create a regional monitoring program with greater efficiencies in effort and a broader inference across southern California. waiting for precedent action
PRP-2 Submit project metadata and the Riparian Forest and Scrub Vegetation Monitoring Plan to the MSP web portal waiting for precedent action
Criteria Deadline year
Riparian Forest and Scrub Vegetation Monitoring Plan completed by 2020 2021
Code Obj. code Statement
RIPFOR-1 MON-DEV-MAP In 2017-2018, map tree mortality in riparian forests across the MSPA using high resolution aerial imagery, LIDAR and other remote sensing data and incorporate existing datasets, where available, to determine the current status of riparian forest and scrub in the MSPA that are affected by drought, wildfire and invasive pests and fungal pathogens.
RIPFOR-3 MON-IMP-MONPL In 2021, conduct riparian forest and scrub monitoring to implement the Riparian Forest and Scrub Vegetation Monitoring Plan on Conserved Lands in the MSPA.
Regional NFO 2021
MON-IMP-MONPL RIPFOR-3

Management units: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

In 2021, conduct riparian forest and scrub monitoring to implement the Riparian Forest and Scrub Vegetation Monitoring Plan on Conserved Lands in the MSPA.

Action Statement Action status Projects
IMP-1 Submit project metadata, monitoring datasets and reports to the MSP web portal waiting for precedent action
Criteria Deadline year
Riparian Forest and Scrub Vegetation Monitoring Plan implemented 2021 2021
Code Obj. code Statement
RIPFOR-2 MON-PRP-MONPL Beginning in 2019, prepare a riparian forest and scrub vegetation monitoring plan for Conserved Lands in the MSPA to assess tree mortality and recruitment, track community composition, structure and ecological integrity, and to document threats and assess environmental conditions. Prepare the riparian forest and scrub monitoring to integrate where feasible or bulid upon the results of other monitoring projects such as oak woodland vegetation monitoring and shothole borer/Fusarium complex monitoring. The monitoring plan should include a conceptual model, specific monitoring questions, the sampling frame within the MSPA, monitoring methods, a statistically valid sampling design, permanent sampling locations, timeline, and standardized protocols. Use the Riparian Forest and Scrub Tree Mortality map to help develop a sampling frame and stratified sampling design with permanent sampling plots spanning north to south and east to west environmental gradients across the MSPA. Evaluate ecological integrity at monitoring sites by integrating other types of monitoring into the long-term sampling plots, such as abiotic element monitoring (e.g., automated weather stations and soil sensors, GIS-data layers), ecological integrity monitoring (e.g., plant and animal communities, ecological processes), MSP VF species monitoring, and threats monitoring (e.g., fire, climate change, disease, invasive animals and invasive plants).

Good

Overall Condition

Unknown

Overall Trend

Moderate

Overall Confidence
Metric Condition Trend Confidence
1. Percent Conserved

Percent of baseline riparian forest and scrub conserved


Caution

Improving

Moderate
2. Ecological Integrity

Percent of trees in high integrity class based on tree greenness


Good

Unknown

Moderate
Current Status
The current overall condition status for the Riparian Forest and Scrub Vegetation Community Indicator is Good, based on the two metrics selected. While the conservation targets (percent conserved; Metric 1) have not been fully met, progress on conservation is improving. The health of trees in riparian areas (ecological integrity; Metric 2) is in the Good category. It is important to note that the health of riparian vegetation was evaluated using 2014 data. Significant mortality may have occurred since 2014 due to the nonnative Kuroshio and Polyphagous shot hole borers and Fusarium Disease Complex. Additional analyses are needed to understand any changes. As additional information becomes available, new metrics evaluating species' richness and the amount of restored and/or enhanced riparian vegetation will be added at that time.
Metrics Dashboard
Full metric information for this species is available on our Dashboard.
Metrics Dashboard
2017-2019 Developing a Map of Ecological Integrity Using Remote Sensing
This project's objective is to create a map of ecological integrity using remotely sensed data. Data sources include high resolution lidar and high resolution 4-band imagery from multiple sources. Final products from this work will include: 1) an updated high resolution Digital Elevation Model, 2) an updated high resolution Digital Surface Model, 3) a raster image depicting vegetation height (using lidar), 4) a raster image depicting herbaceous, shrub, and tree cover, 5) a map layer of ecological integrity (at a 50m grid) for coastal sage scrub, chaparral, oak woodlands, and riparian woodlands. Ecological integrity is defined for each vegetation community independently, based on analysis of previous field work. This project will build off the information and products previously created.
Anstine-Audubon Nature Preserve Fencing Project
The goal of this project was to install 855 linear feet of lodge pole fencing along the northern boundary of San Diego Audubon Society’s (SDAS’s) 11.6-acre Anstine-Audubon Nature Preserve (Anstine) in Vista, CA to combat hazardous and non-hazardous dumping and illegal trespassing. The addition of fencing along the northern portion of the property, adjacent to Hidden Lake Lane, will protect the fragile riparian, oak woodland, and endangered coastal sage scrub habitats on the preserve. Urban Corps of San Diego, with SDAS oversight, successfully installed an 855-foot long, five-foot high lodge pole wooden fence along with three access gates on the property in the planned one-year project. Project Start Date: March 7, 2023 Project Completion Date: January 18, 2024 This project was fully funded by SANDAG TransNet EMP Land Management Grant #S1125499
Artesian Creek Restoration
Approximately 300 acres along Artesian Creek, a tributary of the San Dieguito River, was restored to coastal sage or native riparian. The majority of restored land was previously used for grazing, with an additional two miles of riparian habitat. The project is located between Camino Del Sur and Del Dios Highway, just south and southwest of Lake Hodges. The restoration has been completed, but annual treatment of invasive species remains including ongoing treatment of eucalyptus, tamarix and palms. The focal invasive species included: mustard, French broom, Scotch broom, Spanish Fleabane, arundo, Austrailian salt bush, Brazilian Pepper, caster bean, lapidium latifolia, garland chrysanthemum, bridal creeper, Italian thistle, fountain grass, dittrichia graveolens, artichoke, eucalyptus, tree tobacco, acacia, palms, pampas grass, pride of Maderia, tamarix, and fennel.
Arundo Treatment in San Luis Rey, Santa Margarita, and San Dieguito Watersheds
This project is a three-year re-treatment/control of Arundo in order to obtain 100% eradication in the San Luis Rey and Santa Margarita watershed. This project will also fund the first round of re-treatments on over half of the San Dieguito watershed. Mission Resource Conservation District will coordinate this project with San Diego River Partners to ensure work is not duplicated in the San Diego River Valley. Additionally any cut or chipped material will be removed from the project sites. Finally, re-treatment is included for the city of San Diego property currently mapped as not included in re-treatment areas.
Blue Sky Ecological Reserve Fire Restoration and Invasive Removal
Blue Sky Ecological Reserve burned in 2007. In 2008, restoration focused on the removal of Castor bean, mustard, tree tobacco palms, dittrichia, fountain grass, acacia, cape ivy, tamarix and pampas grass. Major restoration efforts concluded after 3 years. Maintenance has continued with the treatment of Castor bean and Italian thistle.
Fairbanks Ranch/Rancho Santa Fe Invasive Removal and Stream Enhancement
The long-term goal of this project is to restore and enhance wetland/riparian habitat along 3 miles, 200 acres, of the San Dieguito River and reduce fire risk to the surrounding community. Key actions include non-native, invasive plant removal, revegetation with native species, volunteer training, community workshops and education of local residents on how to improve habitat and create Fire-Safe landscapes around their homes. A secondary goal of this project is to highlight the importance of diverse partnerships in conserving habitat along the San Dieguito River. For more information, go to: http://www.ranchosantafereview.com/news/local-news/sd-cm-rsf-restorationproject-20171101-story.html.
Feral Pig Removal Program Monitoring
This is an ongoing project established to support the feral pig removal effort in San Diego County established and funded by land management agencies that have been participating in the Intergovernmental Feral Pig Project. This is an independent monitoring project intended to complement and inform the USDA Wildlife Services-led removal project. The objectives of the project are to monitor feral pigs and their movements through use of telemetry, remote cameras, and collecting field data pre-, during, and post-removal actions to inform efficient and effective removal efforts. The project is also working to coordinate with the Feral Pig Intergovernmental Working Group and provide results of the monitoring efforts on a quarterly basis.
Invasive Plant Control - Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary
Silverwood Wildlife Sanctuary, owned and operated by San Diego Audubon since 1966, is maintained to preserve 787 acres of prime coastal chaparral and riparian woodland habitat in San Diego County, consistent with objectives described in the Management Strategic Plan (MSP). Like much of San Diego County, sensitive wildlife in the preserve is threatened by the presence and potential spread of invasive non-native plant species. This project supports the implementation of invasive plant control in priority habitat areas within the preserve. The primary goal is to reduce extant populations of invasive species and prevent their further spread. Project objectives include treatment of approximately 65 acres of invasive species hot spots with herbicide and approximately 5 acres of emergent invasive species treated via hand management, reducing invasive cover by 90% within the 18-month grant term. This funding is a priority and imminent need for the preserve, largely due to drought-caused, elevated instances of invasive species that threaten high-quality habitat.
Least Bell's Vireo Surveys - Tijuana River Valley
In 2017, USGS conducted Least Bell's Vireo surveys at the Tijuana River to document the species' status 2 years after the Kuroshio Shothole Borer/Fusarium Dieback infestation and compare it to historic vireo abundance and distribution.
Lusardi Creek Restoration and Invasive Plant Removal
This project is working to eradicate invasive species and support native plants along Lusardi Creek. Many areas have already been treated and are recruiting natives naturally. Other areas are being planted with natives after invasive plant removal. The current goals include: 1) treat artichoke in several upland areas, 2) continue removing tamarix in the creek, 3) treat any regrowing Peruvian pepper, 4) treat any remaining pampas grass or tree tobacco, 5) work on an overall restoration plan. See the map link below for detailed treatment information.
Monitoring and Documentation of Post-Fire Recovery of Riparian Bird Community
A 2-year study on the effects of fire on the riparian bird community in San Diego County. Tasks included documenting the effects of the 2007 fires on endangered birds, in particularly, the Least Bell's Vireo, and monitoring post-fire recovery of the entire riparian breeding bird community.
Quarry Creek Preserve Fencing Project
SDHC will install additional fencing to prevent trespassers from entering vulnerable areas of the preserve that have historically been disturbed by trespassers and encampments. This project was partially funded by SANDAG TransNet EMP Land Management Grant #S1125500.
Rare Plant Inspect and Manage Monitoring 2014-2026
From 2014-2026, a Management and Monitoring Strategic Plan (MSP Roadmap) monitoring objective for 30 rare plant species is to inspect occurrences to determine management needs. The inspect and manage (IMG) objective is implemented to document the status of rare plant occurrences and assess habitats and threats to develop specific management recommendations. IMG monitoring is implemented by a combination of land managers and contracted biologists in coordination with the SDMMP. Available rare plant data is posted below. New annual updates are typically posted in March. Based upon an evaluation of these data, a 2014-2026 monitoring schedule has been developed for the 30 rare plant species (attached below). Coordinating data collection across the region allows analyses of species and population trends over time and provides a better understanding of the association between habitat and threat covariates and population dynamics.
Riparian Restoration and Arundo Removal
This project is to remove arundo donax and other non native plants located in an 11 acre 'old growth' riparian forest in the channel of the San Diego River. This area, received a great deal of arundo corms and stakes during the first El Nino storm series of 2016. They arundo stakes formed dikes and debris lines several feet high. Although the area has been cleared of arundo for several years, this flooding brought an inordinate amount of arundo stakes and corms into the riparian forest. They are all sprouting and need to be cleared out to get the infestation under control while it is small enough to be controlled with limited effort.
San Diego River Channel
This project will take place on 148 acres of the San Diego River Biological Corridor between Santee border to Channel Road in Lakeside. The largest threat to the river is illegal lodging. Homeless individuals and groups in Lakeside always want to use the San Diego River Channel for illegal lodging and we are starting to get hunters in the riverbed as well. Although everyone makes their best effort to ensure that we remove the camps, it is done on an ad hoc basis without regular staff support. Recently, there has been an uptick in illegal lodging in the riverbed. This ls due to their use of a large culvert that drains into the river as as well as the removal of other illegal lodging locations in other areas of the river in other communities. All of the communities along the river are working hard to remove this population, which just creates a shuffle of individuals and camps between areas and communities. We have also had reports of hunters in he river. This needs be be stopped. With homeless comes trash, the cutting of fences, the removal of hazardous waste including sanitary issues, as well as needles and drug paraphernalia.
San Diego RiverBlitz
Volunteer citizen science teams hike segments of the urban San Diego River to collect data about trash, homeless encampments, and invasive plants. This data is collected using a data mapping app called Mappler. RiverBlitz takes place twice annually, allowing for year-over-year comparisons of point-in-time data. On-going surveys and data mapping efforts supplement the RiverBlitz program, allowing the San Diego River Park Foundation to initiate real-time responses to trash and invasive plant species.
San Dieguito Citizen Science Monitoring Program
The San Dieguito River Valley Conservancy (SDRVC) developed the San Dieguito Citizen Science Monitoring Program as a sustainable, cost-effective, and scientifically valid approach to gather critical data on lands within the San Dieguito River Park Focused Planning Area. This program seeks to fill knowledge gaps on the diversity, population, movements and spatial ecology of species within the watershed to better inform future land acquisitions, adaptive land management, habitat and species restoration, educational initiatives and future research. One of the main objectives of this program is to gather data that is consistent and shared with other regional planning efforts being coordinated by the San Diego Management & Monitoring Program. Data collected is submitted to regional databases and will help meet the management goals and objectives identified in the Management & Monitoring Strategic Plan. Annual expert-led surveys are carried out by volunteer citizen scientists following approved protocols and encourage community involvement and engagement.
Tijuana River Invasive Plant Control
This project was undertaken to enhance and restore prime riparian and mule fat habitats within the Tijuana River Valley though the treatment of invasive, non-native plants and the planting of native plant species.
Vegetation Mapping and Classification 2012
This project first created a vegetation classification system and manual. Then, based on 2012 data, this project completed 3 tasks: Task 1. Vegetation Mapping. Task 2. Invasive Nonnative Species Plant Mapping. Task 3. Tecate Cypress Mapping. In 2014, the data was updated based on user's comments. The final products are available to download in the data section.
Veldt Grass Removal - San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve
The San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy (SELC) aims to secure funding to begin Phase I of eradicating perennial veldt grass (Ehrharta calycha) in the San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve (Reserve). The invasive nonnative grass species currently occurs in Diegan coastal sage scrub, southern maritime chaparral, and riparian scrub habitats. It is also capable of invading coastal dune habitats, potentially displacing several high priority Management Strategic Plan (MSP) plant and animal species. SELC proposes to treat the current range of perennial veldt grass in the reserve and continue to monitor the spread or lack thereof. Perennial veldt grass ls currently under SMSP management level 3 for invasive non-native plants, and needs further evaluation and management information. The proposed project will provide crucial information regarding the species and the potential for its control and eradication.
File name Lead Author Year Type
Mammalian species of concern in California Williams, D.F. 1986 report
1997 Sensitive Species Survey Results for Pine Creek and Hauser Canyon Wilderness Areas, Descanso Ranger District, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego County, California. Wells, Jeffery M.; Turnbull, Jennifer 1998 report
Abundance and distribution of Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in San Diego County Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2022 powerpoint presentation
Amphibian IBI and Hydrological Impact Score Fisher, Robert N. 2019 powerpoint presentation
Arundo Re-treatments- Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey and San Dieguito Watersheds Final Project Report 2018 report
Barnett Ranch Open Space Preserve Biological Resources Report 2004 report
Data Summary for the TransNet Environmental Mitigation Program Grant Agreement 5001140 Regarding Southwestern Pond Turtle Restoration at Sycuan Peak Ecological Reserve, March 2012 Brown, Chris; Hathaway, Stacie; Fisher, Robert N. 2012 report
Demography of Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in San Diego County, California Kus, Barbara; Howell, Scarlett L.; Mendia, Shannon 2022 powerpoint presentation
Distribution and Abundance of Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus) on the Upper San Luis Rey River, San Diego County, California—2021 Data Summary Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2022 report
Distribution and Demography of Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in San Diego County, 2015–19 Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara; Mendia, Shannon 2022 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Allen, Lisa; Kus, Barbara 2016 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Allen, Lisa; Kus, Barbara 2017 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara 2012 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara 2010 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara 2013 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara; Allen, Lisa 2014 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Allen, Lisa; Kus, Barbara 2015 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2009 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2010 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2011 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2012 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2013 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2014 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2015 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2016 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2017 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara 2011 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Rourke, James W.; Kus, Barbara 2005 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California 2006 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara 2008 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Least Bell's Vireo at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Lynn, Suellen; Kus, Barbara 2009 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Kus, Barbara; Kenwood, Kerry E. 2005 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California Kenwood, Kerry E.; Kus, Barbara 2006 report
Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. Kus, Barbara; Kenwood, Kerry E. 2004 report
Feral Pig Distribution Survey Report 2010 report
FINAL Baseline Biodiversity Survey for the San Luis Rey River Park 2011 report
FINAL Escondido Creek Preserve Vegetation Management Plan 2011 report
Final Report - Riparian Habitat Restoration Phase 1, Lawrence and Barbara Daley Preserve 2012 report
Final Report: Riparian Restoration and Arundo Removal 2018 report
Final Rule to Remove the American Peregrine Falcon from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, and to Remove the Similarity of Appearance Provision for Free-Flying Peregrines in the Conterminous United States. USFWS 1999 report
Habitat Management and Monitoring Plan for the Crestridge Ecological Reserve- 2002 2002 report
Habitat Management and Monitoring Plan for the Crestridge Ecological Reserve- 2009 2009 report
Least Bell's Vireo Response to Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer/Fusarium Dieback at the Tijuana River, California - 2017 Data Summary Howell, Scarlett L.; Kus, Barbara 2018 report
Life history accounts for species in the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (CWHR) System Zeiner, D.C. 1990 fact sheet
Mammalian species of concern in California. Long, C.A. 1973 report
MCAS Miramar Willowy Monardella Management 2000-2015 Kassebaum, JoEllen; MCAS Miramar 2015 report
Modeling Least Bell’s Vireo Habitat Suitability in Current and Historic Ranges in California Preston, Kris; Kus, Barbara; Perkins, Emily 2021 report
MSP Roadmap Dec 31, 2016: VF Species and Vegetation Goals, Objectives, and Actions San Diego Management and Monitoring Program 2016 other
Multi-scale effects of land cover and urbanization on the habitat suitability of an endangered toad Treglia, Michael ; Landon, Adam C.; Fisher, Robert N.; Gerard, Kyle; Fitzgerald, Lee 2018 journal article
North County Habitat Bank Habitat Management Plad 2006 report
Otay River Mitigation Program: Development, Preservation and Mitigation Casey, Courtney; Teunis, Lindsay 2019 powerpoint presentation
PROGRAMMATIC RESTORATION CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES FOR THE TIJUANA RIVER VALLEY REGIONAL PARK Technology Associates (TAIC) 2005 report
Progress Report Invoice 9 Gibson, Doug 2012 report
Quarry Creek Preserve Management Plan 2011 report
Recording - January 2022 SDMMP Management and Monitoring Coordination Meeting Kus, Barbara; Howell, Scarlett L. 2022 recording
Recording - June 2024 SDMMP Management and Monitoring Coordination Meeting Hutmacher, Sarah 2024 recording
Research for Restoration and Recovery of a Protected Species: Results of Management Actions for the Southern Western Pond Turtle (Emys pallida) in San Diego Brown, Chris; Fisher, Robert N.; Owens, Thomas 2020 powerpoint presentation
Responses in Bird Communities to Wildland Fires in Southern Calilfornia Mendelsohn, Mark; Brehme, Cheryl; Rochester, Carlton; Stokes, Drew; Hathaway, Stacie; Fisher, Robert N. 2008 journal article
Risk, spread, and control of Fusarium dieback shot hole borers throughout native plant communities in San Diego County Eskalen, Akif; Gilbert, Gregory; Lynch, Shannon; Stouthamer, Richard 2022 report
ROBERTSON RANCH EAST VILLAGE OPEN SPACE LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN Prepared 2006 report
San Dieguito River/Fairbanks Ranch- Rancho Santa Fe Invasive Plant Removal and Stream Enhancement Project Appelbaum, Jonathan 2018 powerpoint presentation
Southern California Mountains and Foothills Assessment U.S. Forest Service 1999 report
State of the Regional Preserve System in Western San Diego County Preston, Kris; Perkins, Emily; Brown, Chris; McCutcheon, Sarah; Bernabe, Annabelle; Luciani, Emilie; Kus, Barbara; Wynn, Susan 2022 report
Status and Management of the Pacific Pond Turtle in San Diego County with Consideration of Road Effects Brown, Chris; Madden, Melanie; Fisher, Robert N. 2015 powerpoint presentation
SWIA - Tijuana River Valley Invasive Plant Control Program - Phase 7 Winter, Mayda 2013 report
Transnet EMP Program: Final Project Report 2015 report
Urban River Restoration and Homelessness: Intersectional Solutions on the San Diego River Hutmacher, Sarah 2024 powerpoint presentation
Vegetation Mapping Western San Diego 2012 Oberbauer, Thomas; Sproul, Fred; Dunn, Jonathan; Woolley, L. GIS data
WINTER ECOLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BADGER (TAXIDEA TAXUS JEFFERSONII) IN THE CARIBOO REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Symes, Stephen 2013 report

Brief Community Description

Riparian forest and scrub follow along permanent or ephemeral waterways [1] and are tree-dominated with dominant species including Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii), Arroyo willows (Salix lasiolepis), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), and California sycamores (Platanus racemosa). The understory of riparian forest is a mixture of various species including mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia), poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), blue elderberry (Sambucus nigra), yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica), Carex spp., Cyperus spp., and California mugwort (Artemisia douglasiana).Mule fat is dominant in riparian scrub, which consists mainly of lower and denser shrubs. Single species dominated stands include mulefat and tamarix species. Channels and washes are largely un-vegetated and may contain constant or periodic water flow, depending on upstream urban uses and precipitation. A number of invasive plants are common in riparian areas including arundo donax, washingtonia sp., and tamarix [2].

Alliances

The most common riparian alliances and associations in the MSPA in order of abundance include the P. racemosa alliance, Q. agrifolia/S. lasiolepsis association, S. gooddingii alliance, S. lasiolepsis alliance, B. sarathroides alliance and P. fremontii alliance [1, 2]. Nonnative alliances include Arundo donax and Tamarix.

Range wide dist. status

These species communities generally occur throughout stream systems in California [3, 4, 5]. P. racemosa extends south into Baja Californiaand up to northern California, and is restricted mostly to the coastal areas. Q. agrifolia is present along the California coast, up to San Francisco Bay and the southern portion of its range reaches slightly into Baja California. S. lasiolepis' range includes California, small portions of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico and into northern Mexico. S. gooddingii and P. fremontii occur throughout the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico.

MSPA distribution

Riparian forest and scrub covers 38,377 acres in the MSPA. Thirty-seven percent (14,487 acres) is conserved. It is found in all MUs, however larger riparian zones are more common on lower order streams along the coast [1].

Habitat affinities

Lowland areas, including canyons, that encompass streams and the current or potential floodplain. Alluvial soils are typically rich with nutrients [6]. Many riparian species depend on flood events for regeneration from seed [2, 6, 7].

Ecosystem processes

Riparian vegetation is dependent on the hydrologic cycle including surface flow, ground water, nutrient cycling, sedimentation and erosion, and water quality [7, 8, 9]. Flow volume and timing effect species composition and seed regeneration [2, 6, 7, 8].

Threats

Riparian areas are affected by altered hyrdology, invasive plants, and invasive animals. Upstream urbanization casuses an increase in flow volume and an increase in the dry season runoff (both amount and the number of days) [8, 10, 11]. Stream geomorphology has changed from a broad, braided channel to an incised, more densely vegetated channel [8, 10]. Species composition and seed regeneration can be altered from changes in the hydrology [7, 8]. Invasive plants and acquatic species can establish themselves fairly easily because of the constant stream water and high nutrient soils [9, 12, 13, 14]. A particular concern for riparian vegetation is the expansion of two introduced Shot Hole Borers (SHB) [15, 16]. The Polyphagous SHB and the Kuroshiro SHB carry Fusarium spp. into the host tree, cutting off the water and nutrient transport system, resulting in branch dieback or tree mortality.

Special considerations

Various threats to riparian areas can cascade downstream. Special consideration to threat management should focus on working from the top of the watershed to the bottom. For example, invasive species removal should begin at any upstream sources. Riparian systems in the MSPA support 14 MSP species (link to species and vegetation assocation table).

Sources

[1] Oberbauer, T., F. Sproul, J. Dunn, and L. Wolley. 2012. ECO_VEGETATION_WSD. Prepared by AECOM, California Department of Fish and Wildlife Published by AECOM and SANDAG Technical Services. www.sangis.org. Accessed September 2016.

[2] Sproul, F., T. Keeler-Wolf, P. Gordon-Reedy, J. Dunn, A. Klein and K. Harper. 2011. Vegetation Classification Manual for Western San Diego County. First Edition. Prepared by AECOM, California Department of Fish and Game Vegetation Classification and Mapping Program and Conservation Biology Institute for San Diego Association of Governments

[3] Argus, G. W. 2007. Salix (Salicaceae) Distribution Maps and a Synopsis of their Classification in North America, North of Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 12:225-268

[4] Little, E.L., Jr. 1976. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods: U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1314. 13 p., 290 maps. Accessed at http://gec.cr.usgs.gov/data/little/

[5] Little, E.L., Jr. 1971. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 1, Conifers and Important Hardwoods: U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1146. 9 p., 200 maps. Accessed at http://gec.cr.usgs.gov/data/little/

[6] Griggs, F. T. 2009. California Riparian Habitat Restoration Handbook. Second Edition. California Riparian Habitat Joint Venture.

[7] Stromberg, J.C. 1993. Fremont Cottonwood-Goodding Willow Riparian Forests: A Review of their Ecology, Threats, and Recovery Potential. Arizona-Nevada Acadamy of Sciences 27:97-110

[8] White, M. D. and K. A. Greer. 2002. The Effects of Watershed Urbanization on Stream Hydrologic Characteristics and Riparian Vegetation of Los Penasquitos Creek, California. Conservation Biology Institute.

[9] Stohlgren, T. J., K. A. Bull, Y. Otsuki, C. A. Villa, and M. Lee. 1998. Riparian Zones as Havens for Exocitic Plant Species in the Central Grasslands. Plant Ecology 138:113-125.

[10] Taniguchi, K. T. and T. Biggs. 2015. Regional Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Channel Geometry: A Case Study in Semiarid Southern California. Geomorphology 248:228-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.038

[11] Trimble, S. W. 1997. Contribution of Stream Channel Erosion to Sediment Yield from an Urbanizing Watershed. Science 278:1442-1444. DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5342.1442

[12] Madden-Smith, M. C., Ed. L. Ervin, and R. N. Fisher. 2005. Baseline Surveys for the Arroyo Toad (Bufo californicus) in the Sweetwater River Channel, San Diego County, California. U.S. Geological Survey.

[13] Shafroth, P. B., J. R. Cleverly, T. L. Dudley, J. P. Taylor, C. Van Riper III, E. P. Weeks, and J. N. Stuart. 2005. Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration. Environmental Management 35:231-246.

[14] Richardson, D. M., P. M. Holmes, K. Esler, S. M. Galatowitsch, J. C. Stromberg, S. Kirkman, P. Pysek, and R. Hobbs. 2007. Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Diversity and Distribution 13:126-139.

[15] Eskalen, A. 2016. Fusarium Dieback Host Range, Biology, and Control Strategies in Native Vegetation. San Diego Monitoring and Management Coordination Meeting Presentation. April 27, 2016.

[16] SANDAG. 2016. Southern California Shot Hole Borers/Fusarium Dieback Management Strategy for Natural and Urban Landscapes.